Prevalence rates of infection in intensive care units of a tertiary teaching hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence rates of infections among intensive care unit patients, the predominant infecting organisms, and their resistance patterns. To identify the related factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection and mortality rates. DESIGN: A 1-day point-prevalence study. SETTING: A total of 19 intensive care units at the Hospital das Clínicas-University of São Paulo, School of Medicine (HC-FMUSP), a teaching and tertiary hospital, were eligible to participate in the study. PATIENTS: All patients over 16 years old occupying an intensive care unit bed over a 24-hour period. The 19 intensive care unit s provided 126 patient case reports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of infection, antimicrobial use, microbiological isolates resistance patterns, potential related factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection, and death rates. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients were studied. Eighty-seven patients (69%) received antimicrobials on the day of study, 72 (57%) for treatment, and 15 (12%) for prophylaxis. Community-acquired infection occurred in 15 patients (20.8%), non-intensive care unit nosocomial infection in 24 (33.3%), and intensive care unit-acquired infection in 22 patients (30.6%). Eleven patients (15.3%) had no defined type. The most frequently reported infections were respiratory (58.5%). The most frequently isolated bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae (33.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.4%), and Staphylococcus aureus (16.9%; [100% resistant to methicillin]). Multivariate regression analysis revealed 3 risk factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection: age > or = 60 years (p = 0.007), use of a nasogastric tube (p = 0.017), and postoperative status (p = 0.017). At the end of 4 weeks, overall mortality was 28.8%. Patients with infection had a mortality rate of 34.7%. There was no difference between mortality rates for infected and noninfected patients (p = 0.088). CONCLUSION: The rate of nosocomial infection is high in intensive care unit patients, especially for respiratory infections. The predominant bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus (resistant organisms). Factors such as nasogastric intubation, postoperative status, and age 60 years were significantly associated with infection. This study documents the clinical impression that prevalence rates of intensive care unit-acquired infections are high and suggests that preventive measures are important for reducing the occurrence of infection in critically ill patients.

Prevalence rates of infection in intensive care units of a tertiary teaching hospital

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence rates of infections among intensive care unit patients, the predominant infecting organisms, and their resistance patterns. To identify the related factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection and mortality rates. DESIGN: A 1-day point-prevalence study. SETTING:A total of 19 intensive care units at the Hospital das Clínicas - University of Säo Paulo, School of Medicine (HC-FMUSP), a teaching and tertiary hospital, were eligible to participate in the study. PATIENTS: All patients over 16 years old occupying an intensive care unit bed over a 24-hour period. The 19 intensive care unit s provided 126 patient case reports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of infection, antimicrobial use, microbiological isolates resistance patterns, potential related factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection, and death rates. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients were studied. Eighty-seven patients (69 percent) received antimicrobials on the day of study, 72 (57 percent) for treatment, and 15 (12 percent) for prophylaxis. Community-acquired infection occurred in 15 patients (20.8 percent), non- intensive care unit nosocomial infection in 24 (33.3 percent), and intensive care unit-acquired infection in 22 patients (30.6 percent). Eleven patients (15.3 percent) had no defined type. The most frequently reported infections were respiratory (58.5 percent). The most frequently isolated bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae (33.8 percent), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.4 percent), and Staphylococcus aureus (16.9 percent; [100 percent resistant to methicillin]). Multivariate regression analysis revealed 3 risk factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection: age > 60 years (p = 0.007), use of a nasogastric tube (p = 0.017), and postoperative status (p = 0.017). At the end of 4 weeks, overall mortality was 28.8 percent. Patients with infection had a mortality rate of 34.7 percent. There was no difference between mortality rates for infected and noninfected patients (p=0.088). CONCLUSION: The rate of nosocomial infection is high in intensive care unit patients, especially for respiratory infections. The predominant bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus (resistant organisms)...

Rejeição hiperaguda no transplante ortotópico de fígado: importância do teste de crossmatch / Hyperacute rejection in orthotopic liver transplantation: the importance of crossmatch

A ocorrência de rejeição hiperaguda no transplante de fígado (TF) é rara e controversa. Entretanto, na presença da mesma, frequentemente se faz necessário o retransplante. A importância dos testes de crossmatch e da compatibilidade HLA, já muito bem estabelecidas nos transplantes renais, ainda não está definida no TF. Embora vários estudos demonstrem piora da performance dos enxertos hepáticos e da evolução dos pacientes com teste de crossmatch positivo, as casuísticas ainda são pequenas e não suficientes para definir o papel destes testes imunológicos na seleção dos pacientes e nos cuidados pós-operatórios, principalmente no que se refere a imunossupressão. Neste estudo de revisão, discutimos aspectos da rejeição hiperaguda e sua participação nos episódios de rejeição no transplante de fígado, além de considerações sobre a importância clínica e imunológica de doadores crossmatch positivos e de alguns cuidados a serem tomados nesta situação

The relevance of crossmatch and HLA compatibility in liver transplantation

Encontra-se bem definido o papel dos aloanticorpos HLA no desencadeamento da rejeicao hiperaguda nos transplantes renais. Nos casos dos transplantes hepaticos, assim como nos transplantes cardiacos, permanece controverso o papel de anticorpos pre-formados na sobrevida do enxerto. Realizamos neste estudo extensa revisao da literatura medica recente publicada pelos grandes centros mundiais transplantadores de figado a respeito da importancia do crossmatch e da compatibilidade HLA nos resultados precoces e tardios do transplante de figado. Ainda longe da unanimidade, a compatibilidade imunologica HLA parece exercer influencias nos desempenhos precoce e tardio dos enxertos hepaticos, apesar do avanco dos imunossupressores. Entretanto a baixa incidencia de paciente transplantados com altos titulos de testes de crossmatch positivos, nao altera a sobrevida global das casuisticas analisadas, sendo controversa sua utilizacao como metodo de selecao frente aos custos de seu emprego, mas nao excluindo seu valor como auxiliar na orientacao da imunossupressao precoce e tardia destes pacientes